JEE ZONE

How should junior students (6 to 10th graders) study if they want to become an Engineer or a Doctor?

Sunu — Thu, 19 Sep 2013 14:12:14 GMT

In India anybody who wants to become an Engineer or a Doctor is required to appear in an entrance exam to get admission into Engineering or Medical College.For Engineering, the entrance exam comprises of three subjects Physics,Chemistry and Maths, and for Medical the subjects are Physics,Chemistry and Biology.There are scores of such entrance exams which are held every year in India in between April and June.

Educational Qualification required to appear in these entrances is '12th pass in science stream with 60% or more marks'. Syllabus of these exams is theoretically the same as the science and maths syllabus of 11th and 12th classes. But questions asked in any such entrances are generally much tougher than those which are asked in Board Exams or Class tests.There is a sound logic behind this - while academic exams (Board or Class test) are meant to test your knowledge, the entrances are meant to select nearly 1-thousand students from an aspirant list of 1-lakh or more by eliminating the remaining 99-thousand. If questions asked are therefore not tough and tricky then it will be very difficult to eliminate the 99-thousand to select the required 1-thousand.
To solve those questions a student is required to have very firm foundation in the fundamentals of each subject.He/She must also undergo rigorous practicing of question solving.

Now, let us come to my topic- what should a junior student (who is studying in, say, 6th class) do to equip himself with the necessary foundations so that he may easily handle the rigours of Engineering or Medical entrances on reaching 11th class?

In my opinion he should just study the syllabus of his class well.Studying the syllabus well means he should not ignore any topic of his syllabus even if that topic is not important for his class tests.That is, he should get in to the habit of studying the entire syllabus of his class thoroughly.Very few junior students actually read their text book.This is very bad. A student should develop the habit of reading text books of all subjects- he should even read Maths book.Yes!... maths book too.Normally people think that maths is learnt by solving exercises- yes, that's true, but you also need to develop the mathematical thinking and logic in your mind to be able to utilize maths in your life in an un-explored situation.And to develop the mathematical way of thinking you need to read maths too- you need to understand how things are analyzed in maths, how do we prove facts in maths,... and so many other subtle things.

Apart from reading maths text books you should also regularly read popular maths and science books.These popular books inform us about many facts that we seldom find in a normal text book. For example, every body is aware of PYTHAGORAS THEOREM but very few students are aware about Fermat's Last Theorem which is closely related to Pythagoras Theorem. I have seen that very few students have knowledge of the formula that can produce unlimited numbers of Pythagorean Triplets.Very few understand the actual connection between the properties of Similar Triangles and Trigonometry. This list can go on and on.

I will also suggest all the junior students not to ignore their Social-Studies. Understanding of these subjects are very important for the overall development of intellect in any body.

Languages are very important for one and all. Learning the art of communication is something that we should never ignore.Because, in what ever career we may go, if we can't communicate our thoughts properly to the world, we can't succeed. So give proper attention to both your Mother Tongue and English.You must master reading, writing and speaking, that is, all modes of formal communication.

Physics- Part-2

Sunu — Thu, 19 Sep 2013 14:05:57 GMT

We discussed in the last article the importance of physics as a subject. We also saw that knowledge of physics is essential for understanding other sciences as well. Now comes the real question: How to start studying physics?

PREREQUISITE
For studying physics you must have good knowledge of mathematics and geometry. Mathematics is the language of physics so a student of physics is required to study lots of mathematics (concurrently with physics) to be able to understand physics.
You must have the tendency of understanding things.Some people think that they will manage by learning (memorizing facts) in physics. I would like to tell it very clear to such people that learning without understanding will not be of much help in physics. Success in physics is possible only for those who have a strong tendency to understand things.
You must be able to draw and understand GRAPHS for situations that you analyse in physics. Graphs help us to better visualize a situation.
Very often you will be required to draw diagrams to visualize and better understand a
situation.

How to Begin
It has been experienced by scientists that every phenomenon of nature is directly or indirectly related to motion of some particle, object or to some radiation (which is again wave motion).For example, Chemical reaction is rearrangement of atoms (which is possible only if atoms move).When we touch a hot kettle and we feel its hotness,that becomes possible only because atoms of the kettle are vibrating more vigorously than atoms of our hand, and by touching our hand to the kettle we allow the atoms in our hand to come into intimate contact with atoms of the kettle body. When this happens the atoms of the kettle transfer some of their kinetic energy to those atoms of our hand which are touching them. Thus those atoms in our hand begin to vibrate with greater average speed. This generate a sensory wave that travels from the hand to the brain. The brain interprets the incoming sensory wave as the perception of hotness. Similarly all climatic phenomena depend upon the wind flow. We can cite unending list of examples to support the fact that motion is behind every phenomenon
of nature.
So it is very important that we develop a very thorough understanding of motion before trying to understand other phenomena of nature. That is why the study of physics as a subject starts with studying MECHANICS,which is the physics and the maths of analysing motion. My suggestion to you is that you should make all your efforts to develop a proper understanding of MECHANICS.

You will be required to have a fair knowledge of Algebra, Coordinate Geometry, Trigonometry, Vector Algebra, Differentiation and Integration etc. in maths, to be able to understand Mechanics well. A good physics teacher will concurrently teach you the essentials of all these topics in maths to
enable you to understand Mechanics.
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Physics- Part-1

Sunu — Thu, 19 Sep 2013 14:04:54 GMT

Note:In this part, I will be explaining to you the importance of Physics as a subject of study.

Physics is the most fundamental science. Knowledge of physics forms the base for all the branches of
science and engineering. So for a science student it is very important to gain a basic knowledge of physics. That is why physics is a compulsory subject for science students in 11^th and
12^th class in India.

What is Physics?
It is very easy to define chemistry or biology. Chemistry is the science that studies material
transformations which occur in nature. Biology is the science that studies about Life and Processes related to Life. Chemistry and Biology have therefore a very well defined area of interest.

But if we consider physics, we see, in physics we study about motion, force, energy, light, heat,
gravitation, electricity, atoms, nucleus of atoms, molecules, planets, stars, universe etc. the list is endless. Thus we see, in physics we study about atoms, nucleus, electrons, protons, neutrons, quarks... at one extreme, and we study about galaxies and universe at the other extreme. And in physics we also study about everything that comes in between these two extremes. So what is left?
Nothing frankly! So we can say in physics we study about everything that is part of nature. That is why it is very difficult to define the scope of physics. But still if we like to define physics we can
say Physics is that branch of science in which we try to understand the rules by which the nature works at every level of its existence (from microscopic to the mega macroscopic)

People think that by studying science in general, and physics in particular, they will be able to answer all the WHY?, WHAT? Or HOW? questions. But mind you, that is not the aim of physics. Aim of physics is to understand the rules behind the working of nature. Yes, by gaining such understanding you will surely answer some WHY?, WHAT? or HOW? questions, but some questions may remain unanswered. For example, everybody knows that some particles(like electrons) posses a property called Electrical Charge. But why do they possess electric charge? Why there are two kinds of charges in nature whereas there is only one kind of mass? Why electrical force can be both attractive or repulsive whereas
gravitational force is always attractive? There is no answer to these questions. These are facts. Yes, in future with the expansion in our knowledge about the rules of nature, we may answer some of these
questions but today we can't. And even if we don't know the answers to these "why?" questions, then also the knowledges that we gained from the above facts are helpful to human race. The entire branch of electrical engineering is based on the fact that Electric Charge exists which can flow through a conducting wire to give Electric Current. Although we don't know why electric charge exists
in the first place.

Since we study about the entire nature in physics that is why the knowledge gained in physics about nature is universally applicable. For example, Law of Conservation of Energy has been find to be true everywhere. Newton's Laws of motion are (at small speeds) true for every moving object, whether living or non-living or astronomical.

Knowledges about the rules of working of nature that we gain in physics are very useful for other sciences as well. For example, the knowledges about the structure of atoms or about how atoms can
combine to form molecules... etc have been generated in physics (in Quantum Mechanics). These knowledges form the foundation for chemistry. The subject of chemistry can't even begin if we do not
have a proper understanding of atoms and their structure. So we see chemistry is totally dependent upon physics for its foundations. That is why Physical Chemistry( which is "physics needed to
understand chemistry”) is one of the branch of chemistry which every chemistry student must study. Biology of modern times is totally dependent upon chemistry. Because today in biology, we know,
all life-processes are controlled by genes which are sequences of DNA( Deo-xyribonucleic Acid). Genes regulate life processes by chemically manufacturing hormones ( a chemical compound). So we see,
chemistry depends upon physics and biology depends upon chemistry. Thus, we see, indirectly biology too depends upon physics. Biology directly needs the knowledge of physics too. For example, to understand the working of brain we need the knowledge of electromagnetic waves and their properties, because Neurons interact with one another through em-waves. Experimental biology uses the techniques and discoveries in physics directly for its benefit. For example, structure of cell ( building
block of life) was known only with the help of Electron Microscope. Structure of DNA was understood with the help of techniques called X-ray crystallography.

That is why physics is called the mother of all sciences

Late night exam preparation and its effects

Sunu — Thu, 19 Sep 2013 14:01:20 GMT

Everyone encounters a situation where sleep must be sacrificed for the sake of success.Exam season is here and most of the students pull of an all-nighter frequently during this time. According to a research 20% of young students have significantly poor quality sleep duringexaminations bringing it to an average of 7.9 hours on week nights. But the more startling news is that waking up the whole night can not only affect your health but can also negatively impact your grades too! Many people prepare themselves by drinking coffee, listening to music, midnight snacking and the likes to keep them going (see info graphic below). But according to experts, the effect of all night studies doesn't go away so soon. Chronic sleep deprivation can cause a few imbalances in the body and in severe cases can cause irreversible damage to your health. For instance 1. Lack of sleep reduces memory. 2. Lack of sleep is a leading cause for attention deficit amongst pre-teens and adolescents. 3. Sleep deprivation makes it difficult to digest glucose from the body causing irreversible damages like diabetes and blood pressure. So the question arises, how to study effectively, take a break and still manage to ace theexams?? Here are a few tips recommended by experts that may be followed during exams: A. The most important, try to get 8-9 hours of sleep every night. B. Try Chunking: A method to learn and improve memory by splitting content into short and easy bits and use of mnemonics to prepare quick revision notes. This method is effective when the body is tired. C. Take a break during early afternoon (12 noon- 1:30 pm), as this is the time of least alertness. D. Power naps: Another effective way to break the fatigue spell, so that a student can remain alert and concentrate on learning , without suffering a memory blackout. Hope these tips would help you keep energized, refreshed and help you ace those examinations with ease. If you liked what you read then do spare a moment to share your examination blues with us in the comments below. Good Luck JEE Zone

(* source- sciencedaily.com & dailyinfographics.com)

JEE 2014 – No change in Exam Pattern or Percentile Criteria

Sunu — Thu, 19 Sep 2013 13:55:45 GMT

All you Engineering aspirants who are busy preparing for JEE 2014, need no longer be worried about the possibility of facing subjective questions in the second level of entrance exams-JEE Advanced 2014. The Joint Admission Board (JAB) for IITs which met on 25th August in Delhi to review the IIT entrance test format has decided that there should not be any change in the exam next year. Senior IIT officials have ruled out the implementation of any such change in the 2014 exam as it will involve too many logistical changes which will not be possible to implement without delaying the academic session.

The year 2013 saw the first two-tier common exam for admissions to the engineeringcourses across the country in the form of JEE 2013. The first stage was JEE Main for admissions to the NITs, CFTIs and SFTIs as well as the qualifying exam for JEE Advanced. JEE advanced was the second stage in the examination for admissions to the IITs and ISM Dhanbad. Students who qualified for JEE Advanced had to also feature amongst the top-20 percentile scorers in Class XII exams of their respective boards to be eligible for admissions to the IITs.

The tentative dates for JEE Mains 2014 and JEE Advanced 2014 have been announced. The date for JEE Main 2014 is tentatively April 6 while the JEE Advanced 2014 date may be advanced by a week to be conducted on May 25, 2014.

The IIT Council will meet on September 3, 2013 to review and pass these resolutions of the JAB. The next JAB meeting is scheduled on September 15, 2013. Do keep watching this space for latest updates on the same.

Best Wishes JEE Zone

Share your Success

Sunu — Thu, 19 Sep 2013 13:37:40 GMT

Congratulations !

Dear IIT/PMT and other Engineering Exam Toppers,

JEE zone would like you to share your hard earned success with our students by sending us the following questionnaire duly filled with explanatory answers (on forum). Kindly let us know your frank opinion on the following:

1. Why did you appear for Engineering/Medical Entrance?

2. What exams you have appeared for and what is your rank in these exams?

3. How many hours in a day did you study to prepare for the examination?

4. On which topic and chapters you laid more stress in each subject?

5. How much time does one require for serious preparation for this exam?

6. Any extra coaching?

7. Which subjects/Topics you were strong/weak at?

8. Which Books/Magazines you read?

9. In your words what are the components of an ideal preparation plan?

10. What role did the following play in your success:

(a) Parents (b) Teachers (c) School

11. Your family background?

12. What mistake you think you shouldn’t have made?

13. How have MTG magazines helped you in your preparation?

14. Considering other hot careers today, for e.g. Biotechnology etc., why did you still want to be an engineer/doctor.

15. Was this your first attempt?

16. What do you think is the secret of your success?

17. What do you feel is lacking in our education/examination system? Is the examination system fair to the student?

18. Had you not been selected then what would have been your future plan?

19. What advice would you like to give our readers who are IIT/PMT aspirants?

Boards are approaching! Are you ready?

Sunu — Thu, 19 Sep 2013 13:35:41 GMT

12th Boards exams are always important for the students and now, the new criteria of selection of students in JEE exam has given boards exams a due importance. The key to performing well in the exams, apart from, studying hard, grasping everything and retaining everything, is, being able to study smart and in a proper manner, so that your efforts translate into performance.

1. The first thing to do is "don't feel yourself panic about the exams”. Feel yourself relax and then start for the revision.
2. Sit in a peaceful place and study. If possible, study at a fix place. This will help in making your mind for studies and increase your interest and concentration.
3. Concentrate on the chapters and topics you have already done, don't try to learn new things at the eleventh hour. But, at the same time plan your study, in such a way, that whatever you have learnt should be strong portion of your studies since you have limited time to study. Here, it is very important to know the weightage given to all the units.
4. Although morning hours is the best time to study, study according to your body-clock. It could be morning, evening or night hours. Schedule your most difficult materials when you are mentally at your best, and schedule the easier ones when you are mentally less efficient.
5. Don’t study at a stretch. It is important to take a break before you feel tired and lose your concentration completely.
6. Focus on NCERT Textbooks. NCERT textbooks provide thorough knowledge of the basics and once a student gains this knowledge of the basics, he can solve other reference books as well easily. Solve each and every question of NCERT textbook.Click here to order the NCERT textbooks solutions book.
7. Do not ignore diagrams, tables or graphs in your textbooks as questions can be asked on any chapter from the textbook.
8. Above all, 75% of the Questions in the Examination are covered from previous year question papers and the Sample papers given by the Board in the same year (in the same or modified form). So, Its good to revise the things from alteast Previous 5 years Question Papers and Board Sample papers to get familiar with the Type of Questions Being asked.

Sample Paper, Syllabus, Unitwise weightage and Marking Scheme - Maths as issued by CBSE

Sample Paper, Syllabus, Unitwise weightage and Marking Scheme - Biology as issued by CBSE

Sample Paper, Syllabus, Unitwise weightage and Marking Scheme -Physics as issued by CBSE

Sample Paper, Syllabus, Unitwise weightage and Marking Scheme - Chemistry as issued by CBSE

Previous 5 Years question papers of PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, BIOLOGY.

9. Taking Mock Tests days before the exam simulates the experience of facing the actual exam..

Health tips before exam session:
1. Students have a habit of not sleeping properly, especially the night before the exams. They should instead sleep early every night, get up early in the morning, and have a proper breakfast and then study.
2. Eat light and frequent meal. Don’t eat too spicy and heavy food. Avoid junk food.
3. Take more of liquid at regular interval. Drink sufficient water, fruit juice & a glass of milk daily.
4. Avoid intake of too much coffee and tea during the study as they decrease the efficiency of the body.
5. Before exams, think positive & keep away any negative thought. Believe in yourself, that whatever you have prepared, you are ready to face.
6. Reach well before the time at the examination center. Rushing at the nick of the time, to the examination center increases anxiety and make you feel nervous.

Tips to handle situation during the exam:
1. On receipt of the question paper read it carefully and mark the questions which you can answer confidently.
2. Do not fret over the questions which you feel you don't know how to answer.
3. Answer all the known questions first, which will get the impression to the person correcting your paper feel that you know the concepts very well.
4. Answer all the difficult and complex question during the middle of the examination once you reach at a comfortable position after answering easy questions.
5. Highlight or Bold the important points in your answers, which will help you to secure good marks.
6. Drawing neat diagrams and labeling them is one of the ways of presenting the answer sheet neatly and in an impressive way in order to score good marks.
7. Generally, the question paper is designed for about 2 hours and 30 minutes and is targeted towards an average student. Do not spend more than 20-25 minutes on 1 mark questions, 50 -60 minutes on 2/3 mark questions and 60-70 minutes on 5-mark questions.
8. Write the answer within the word limits asked for. Too much lengthy answer may have a negative impact.
9. Do revise the solutions at the end. If possible, donot leave any question unanswered.
10. Prepare 100% & believe in yourself.
ALL THE BEST!

TIP TO CRACK CLASS 12th PHYSICS PAPER

Sunu — Thu, 19 Sep 2013 13:34:39 GMT

On an average the paper will consist of 70% average-difficulty questions, 15% high-difficulty questions and remaining 15% easy questions.
Class 12 : Physics previous 5 years papers

Remember, there will be no HOTS this year as well, so just 15% of questions are going to be difficult, giving you the chance to prove your smartness in understanding the concept of the subject. The remaining 85% of questions will be easy and average, testing your planned average study. So, do keep worries, stress and fear at bay.
As you know your physics (theory) paper is divided in 10 units with different weightages. Though questions can be asked from any section of the syllabus, keeping time availability in mind it would be wise to concentrate on important theories, concepts, formulae and derivations. It is equally important to draw the relevant graphs and diagrams (schematic, circuit and Ray) to give the final touch-up to your preparations. So, here it goes:

Unit 1: Electrostatics (08 marks)
Revise: SI units and dimensions of electric charge, field, dipole moment, flux and charge densities, potential, capacitance and polarisation. Drawing field lines and EPS for dipole, two charge and single charge system.
Vector form of Coulomb’s Law. Gauss Theorem, electric dipole, electric field lines and equipotential surface. capacitor, Van de Graff Generator
Remember: Charge is scalar but the electric field created by it is a vector, whereas the potential is again a scalar. Electric flux is a scalar. A dipole experiences no force but pure torque in uniform electric field whereas it does experience a force and torque both in non-uniform field. Gauss’s Law is valid only for closed surfaces. Three types of charge densities viz linear, surface and volume are different physical quantities having different unit and dimensions. Along a field line, potential decreases at the fastest rate. The dipole moment per unit volume is called polarisation and is a vector. Whether it’s a solid or a hollow conducting sphere, all free charges reside on its surface. Dielectric constant is also called relative permittivity and is dimensionless, unitless.

Unit 2:Current electricity (07 marks)
Revise : SI units and dimensions of mobility, resistance, resistivity,conductivity, current density and emf. Ohm’s Law , drift velocity, colour coding. Parallel/ series combination of cells. Potentiometer. Numericals on finding equivalent resistance/current using Kirchoff’s laws
Remember:Current is scalar as it does not follow laws of vector addition but current density is vector. Kirchoff’s junction/ loop law is charge/ energy conservation laws. If the Galvanometer and cell are interchanged in balanced Wheatstone bridge, the balance does not get affected. For a steady current along a tapering conductor, current remains constant but current density, drift speed and electric field varies inversely as area of cross-section. Ohm’s law is not universally applicable such as vacuum diode, semiconductor diode.

Unit 3: Magnetic effects of current and magnetism: (08 marks)
Revise : SI units and dimensions of permeability, relative permeability, magnetic moment, field, flux, intensity, susceptibility, torsional constant and their nature as vector or scalars. Magnetic field lines. Biot-Savart and Ampere’s law, solenoid, toroid, MCG, Cyclotron, para, dia and ferro magnetism, permanent and electromagnets. Numericals on ammeter and voltmeters
Remember: Parallel currents attract and anti parallel currents repel. Ampere’s law can be derived from Biot- Savart’s law. MCG has two sensitivities voltage and current as deflection per unit voltage/ current, respectively. Angle of dip is also called inclination, its value at poles and at equator are 90 degrees and 0 degree, respectively.
Superconductors are perfect diamagnets. T(tesla) is SI unit for magnetic field, the other being G(gauss,non-SI),1 T is equal to 10,000 gauss.
Diamagnetism is universal - it is present in all materials.

Unit 4: EMI and AC (08 marks )
Revise : SI unit and dimensions of self and mutual inductance, capacitive and inductive reactance, impedance, Q-factor, power factor. Faraday’s/ Lenz’s law, eddy current, motional emf, self/ mutual inductance, AC generator, transformer
Remember: Lenz’s law is consequence of energy conservation. Eddy current has merits and demerits. AC is scalar but follows phasor treatment as it is periodically varying. At resonance power factor is 1, hence maximum power is dissipated. A transformer works in AC but not in DC. The power consumed in an AC circuit is never negative. Rated values of ac devices for current and voltages are rms whereas for power it is average. Higher the Q-factor sharper the resonance, smaller the bandwidth and better the selectivity

Unit 5: Electromagnetic waves (03 marks)
Revise : Properties and frequencies, Ampere-Maxwell law, displacement current, drawing of EMW. Numericals on finding frequency, speed etc from given equation.
Remember : An oscillating charge produces EMW of the frequency of oscillation. IR waves are also called heat waves as they produce heating. The AM (amplitude modulated) band is from 530 kHz to 1710 kHz. TV waves range from 54 MHz to 890 MHz. The FM (frequency modulated) radio band extends from 88 MHz to 108 MHz. TV remote uses IR waves. LASIK and water purification uses UV rays.

Unit 6: Optics (14 marks)
Revise : Lens and Lens maker’s formula, magnifying and resolving power, limit of resolution, Hygen’s principle and polarisation, YDSE. Numericals on image location and its nature for lens-mirror combinations
Remember: Resolving power is inverse of limit of resolution. Unpolarised light after passing through a polaroid gets linearly polarised with half the intensity for any orientation of the polaroid. Diffraction, interference and polarisation prove the wave nature of light. Polarisation proves the transverse nature of light. Compound microscope has eyepiece of larger aperture and objective smaller vice versa in a telescope. Reflecting telescope removes chromatic and spherical aberration fairly. If the source of light is white in YDSE the central fringe is white and others are coloured in sequence from nearest red to the farthest blue.

Unit 7: Dual nature of matter and radiation (04 marks)
Revise : Einstein’s photoelectric equation and all the graphs in the NCERT book. Davisson-Germer experiment. Numericals based on de Broglie’s and photoelectric equations.
Remember : de Broglie equation relates particle to wave. Wave nature of electrons are used in electron microscope. Photoelectric effect was explained using photon picture of light.

Unit 08: Atoms and nuclei (06 marks)
Revise: Bohr model, scattering experiment. Radioactive decay laws, BE and BE per nucleon, isotopes, isobars, fusion and fission.
Remember: Rutherford’s model of atom is called planetary/nuclear model. The n value for first excited state in Bohr’s equation is 2 and not 1. Bohr model is only applicable to hydrogen/hydrogen-like atoms. All radioactive decay follows first order kinetics. Beta decay corresponds to both plus/minus beta decay releasing neutrino/antineutrino, respectively. Alpha decay increases n/p ratio. Nuclear reactors use fission reaction for producing powers. Source of energy in sun/stars is nuclear fusion.

Unit 9: Electronic devices (07 marks)
Revise: Diode as full and half wave rectifier. Zener diode as voltage regulator. Transistor as switch, amplifier, oscillator, Logic gates.
Remember: The order of thickness of depletion layer is one-tenth of a micrometre. Zener diode cannot regulate AC. Si and GaAs are used in solar cells. Full wave rectification doubles the frequency of the input whereas half wave does not change. An oscillator uses positive feedback. NAND and NOR gates are called universal gates.

Unit 10: Communication system (05 marks)
Revise: Various frequncy range tables, need for modulation, AM wave production and detection and derivation of relation between radio horizon and antenna height.
Remember: Mobile telephones operate typically in the UHF range of frequencies (about 800-950MHz). In modulation, some characteristics of the carrier signal like amplitude, frequency, or phase varies. Space waves are used for line-of-sight (LOS) communication as well as satellite communication.

Check your preparation - How many you can answer

Sunu — Thu, 19 Sep 2013 13:33:10 GMT

Check your preparation - How many questions can you answer?

Chapter 1: Reproduction in Organisms

Define Parthenogenesis.
How potato plants reproduce?
What is female heterogamety? Give an example.
Which is better mode of reproduction – sexual or asexual?
What are the two important event in sexual reproduction.

Chapter 2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Name the type of flower which favours cross pollination.
Define terms: Emasculation, Scutellum
Describe the stages in embryo development in a dicot plant.
Why geitonogamy is also referred to as genetical autogamy?
Explain the process of double fertilization in angiosperms.

Chapter 3: Human Reproduction

Define spermiogenesis. Draw a diagrammatic sketch of the electron microscopic view of a mammalian sperm. Label any six parts Contained in its head, neck and middle piece.
Placenta acts as an endocrine tissue. Justify.
Mention the target cells of luteinizing hormone in human males and females. Explain the effect and the changes which the hormone induces in each case.
Describe the post zygotic events leading to implantation and placenta formation in humans. Mention any two functions of placenta.
Define Colostrum, leydig cell, parturition

Chapter 4: Reproductive Health

What is lactational amenorrhea?
Why is hormone releasing IUD considered a good contraceptive to space children?
Explain the zygote intra Fallopian transfer technique (ZIFT). How is intrauterine transfer technique (IUT) different from it?
How does CuT act as an effective contraceptive for human females?
Name the hormonal composition of the oral contraceptive used by human females. Explain how it acts as a contraceptive.

Chapter 5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Write the genotype of (i) an individual who is carrier of sickle cell anaemia gene but apparently unaffected, and (ii) an individual affected with the disease.
A tall pea plant with yellow seeds (heterozygous for both the traits) is crossed with a dwarf pea plant with green seeds. Using a Punnett square work out the cross to show the phenotypes and the genotypes of F 1 generation.
A normal couple gave birth to one haemophilic son and two normal daughters. Work out the cross to show the genotypes of the parents and their progeny.
How is codominance different from incomplete dominance and dominance?
Describe the mechanism of pattern of inheritance of ABO blood groups in humans.

Chapter 6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Draw schematic representation of the (i) Transcription unit of DNA showing its polarity. Label terminator and coding strand in it.(ii) Explain the role of promoter gene in this unit.
Explain the dual function of AUG codon. Give the sequence of bases it is transcribed from and its anticodon.
How did Hershey and Chase prove that DNA is the hereditary material? Explain their experiment with suitable diagrams.
Why is DNA molecule a more stable genetic material then RNA? Explain.
Mention the role of ribosomes in peptidebond formation. How does ATP facilitate it?

Chapter 7: Evolution

Why are the wings of a butterfly and of a bat called analogous?
What is divergent evolution ? Explain taking an example of plants ?
List any two factors that can distrub the genetic equilibrium.
How is genetic drift different from gene migration? Explain.
Differentiate between divergent and convergent evolution.

Chapter 8: Human Health and Disease

What role macrophages play in providing immunity to humans?
How does colostrum provide initial protection against diseases to new born infants? Given one reason.
Name the type of cell the AIDS virus first enters into after getting inside the human body. Explain the sequence of events that the virus undergoes within these cells to increase their progeny.
Name the toxin responsible for the appearance of symptoms of malaria in humans. Why do these symptoms occur periodically?
Why does a doctor administer tetanus antitoxin and not a tetanus vaccine to a child injured in a roadside accident with a bleeding wound? Explain.

Chapter 9: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

A banana herb is virus infected. Describe the method that will help in obtaining healthy banana plants from this diseased plant.
MOET programme has helped in increasing the herd size of the desired variety of cattle. List the steps involved in conducting the programme.
Outcrossing and crossbreeding are two breeding practices in animal husbandry. How are the two practices different from each other and of what advantage are they to the breeders ? Explain.
State the importance of biofortification.
List any two economically important products for humans obtained from Apis indica.

Chapter 10: Microbes in Human Welfare

How has the fungus, Trichoderma polysporum proved to be very essential to organtransplant patients ?
Which of the following is a free living bacteria that can fix nitrogen in the soil? Spirulina, Azospirillum, Sonalika.
Explain the role of baculoviruses as biological control agents. Mention their importance in organic farming. (i) How does activated sludge get produced during sewage treatment? (ii) Explain how this sludge is used in biogas production.
Mention the product and its use produced by each of the microbes listed below (i) Streptococcus (ii) Lactobacillus (iii) Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Chapter 11: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

What is the role of ethidium bromide during agarosegel electrophoresis of DNA fragments ?
Explain any three methods to force ‘alien’ or recombinant DNA into host cells.
Write the palindromic nucleotide sequence in the DNA strand given and mention the enzyme that will recognise such a sequence.
Give the characteristic feature and source organisms of the DNA polymerase used in PCR.
How and why is the bacterium Thermus aquaticus employed in recombinant DNA technology ? Explain.

Chapter 12: Biotechnology and Its Applications

What was the speciality of the milk produced by the transgenic cow Rosie ?
Expand the name of the enzyme ADA. Why is this enzyme essential in the human body? Suggest a gene therapy for its deficiency.
Name the insect pest that is killed by the products of cryIAc gene. Explain how the gene makes the plant resistant to the insect pest.
How is mature insulin different from proinsulin secreted by pancreas in humans?
How is a transgenic tobacco plant protected against Meloidogyne incognitia? Explain the procedure.

Chapter 13: Organisms and Populations

List any two physiological responses that help you to gradually get acclimatised to high altitudes when you go from the planes.
Name the interaction in each of the following : (i) Cuckoo lays her eggs in the crow’s nest. (ii) Orchid grows on a mango tree. (iii) Ticks live on the skin of dogs. (iv) Sea anemone is often found on the shell of hermit crab.
Differentiate between the following interspecific interactions in a population : (a) Mutualism and Competition (b) Commensalism and Amensalism
Plot a logistic growth curve. Describe nature’s carrying capacity for a species in a particular habitat.
Mention any two significant roles predation plays in nature.

Chapter 14: Ecosystem

State the difference between the first trophic levels of detritus food chain and grazing food chain.
Trace the succession of plants on a dry bare rock.
Why are the pyramids referred to as ‘upright’ or ‘inverted’? It is stated that the pyramid of energy is always upright. Justify.
Construct an ideal pyramid of energy when 1,000,000 joules of sunlight is available. Label all its trophic levels.
List the features that make a stable biological community.

Chapter 15: Biodiversity and Conservation

Giving two reasons explain why there is more species biodiversity in tropical latitudes than in temperate ones.
Differentiate between in situ and ex situ approaches of conservation of biodiversity.
India has more than 50,000 strains of rice. Mention the level of biodiversity it represents.
Draw a pie chart representing the biodiversity of plants showing their proportionate number of species of major taxa.
Reigions to be marked for mosses, ferns, Lichens, angiosperm and fungi
Which major taxa of invertebrates in the global biodiversity of invertebrates occupy the major proportionate.

Chapter 16: Environmental Issues

Name any two sources of electronic wastes. Mention any one way for each of its disposal in developing and developed countries.
What is the relationship between dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)?
At a particular segment of a river near a sugar factory, the BOD is much higher than the normal level. What is it indicative of? What will happen to be living organisms in this part of the river?
Describe eutrophication and biomagnifications giving an example for each.
Explain any three measures which will control vehicular air pollution in Indian cities.

Answers to these questions are available HERE

IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

Sunu — Thu, 19 Sep 2013 13:31:47 GMT

Have you revised these definition. These are important terms which form major chunk of 1/2 marks questions. If appears in combination with examples these may come as five marks questions also. Write them all and revise. ALL THE BEST!

Most of the question used to be asked from previous papers. Chapterwise 5 Years papers are available as ebook on www.mtg.in.

Chapter 1: The Solid State
Ferromagnetism
Frenkel defects
Schottky defects

Chapter 2: Solutions
van’t Hoff factor
Mole fraction
Colligative properties
Henry’s law

Chapter 4 : Chemical Kinetics
Activation energy of a reaction.
Rate of a reaction
Molecularity of a reaction

Chapter 5 : Surface Chemistry
Electrophoresis
Tyndall effect
Peptization
Aerosol
Emulsion

Chapter 6 : General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
Pyrometallurgy
Froth Floatation
Zone refining
Electrolytic refining

Chapter 8 : The d and f Block Elements
Lanthanoid contraction

Chapter 9 : Coordination Compounds
Denticity of a ligand
Coordination isomerism.
Linkage isomerism.

Chapter 10 : Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
SN1 and SN2 displacement

Chapter 11 : Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Reimer Tiemann reaction
Friedel Crafts reaction
Friedel Craft’s acetylation of anisole

Chapter 12 : Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
Cannizzaro reaction
Tollen’s reagent
Clemmensen reduction
Decarboxylation
Acetylation
Cross aldol condensation
Hell Volhard Zelinsky reaction.

Chapter 13 : Amines
Hofmann’s bromamide reaction.
Gabriel phthalimide synthesis.
A coupling reaction
Carbylamine reaction

Chapter 14 : Biomolecules
Glycosidic linkage
Polypeptide
Beta sheet Structure
Denaturation
Pyranose structure of glucose
Biocatalysts

Chapter 15 : Polymers
Polymerisation and its types
Elastomer
Biodegradable polymers
Addition polymers
Condensation polymers
Copolymers.